Ensemble detection of hand joint ankylosis and subluxation in radiographic images using deep neural networks.

The modified total Sharp score (mTSS) is often used as an evaluation index for joint destruction caused by rheumatoid arthritis. In this study, special findings (ankylosis, subluxation, and dislocation) are detected to estimate the efficacy of mTSS by using deep neural networks (DNNs). The proposed method detects and classifies finger joint regions using an ensemble mechanism. This integrates multiple DNN detection models, specifically single shot multibox detectors, using different training data for each special finding. For the learning phase, we prepared a total of 260 hand X-ray images, in which proximal interphalangeal (PIP) and metacarpophalangeal (MP) joints were annotated with mTSS by skilled rheumatologists and radiologists. We evaluated our model using five-fold cross-validation. The proposed model produced a higher detection accuracy, recall, precision, specificity, F-value, and intersection over union than individual detection models for both ankylosis and subluxation detection, with a detection rate above 99.8% for the MP and PIP joint regions. Our future research will aim at the development of an automatic diagnosis system that uses the proposed mTSS model to estimate the erosion and joint space narrowing score.

The utilization of decision trees on orthopantomographic and lateral panoramic graphs for the diagnosis of unilateral anterior disc displacement of the temporomandibular joint.

BACKGROUND: Investigation is to utilize decision trees in conjunction with orthopantomography (OPT) and lateral panoramic graphy (LPG) to diagnose unilateral anterior disc displacement (ADD) of the temporomandibular joint. METHODS: In this study, 161 patients with images obtained through all three imaging methods, MRI, OPT, and LPG, were selected from the archives. The participants were categorized into two groups: the study group, comprising 89 patients with unilateral anterior disc displacement, and the control group, consisting of 72 healthy individuals. Measurements, including 2 angles (antero-posterior angle and superior-inferior angle) and 3 distance parameters (anterior joint space distance, superior joint space distance, and posterior joint space distance), were conducted on each imaging modality dataset. To assess the obtained measurement data within each patient, the differences from each measurement were calculated. Statistical analysis of the measurement differences between the control and study groups was carried out with independent t test, and decision trees were generated using the SPSS 25 decision tree module 5.0. RESULTS: In ADD patients, it was statistically significantly found that the APA increased while the SIA decreased for angle measurements. But for linear measurements, AS increased while the SS and PS decreased in MRI, OPT, and LPG. CONCLUSION: ADD can be diagnosed in OPT and LPG. The identification of the specific type of ADD that occurs in the temporomandibular joint is not feasible.

Association Between Articular Eminence Structure and Joint Spaces in Temporomandibular Joints with Anterior Disc Displacement.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The association among the joint spaces, articular eminence morphology, and disc displacement is not well documented in the literature. This study aims to evaluate and compare the joint spaces and the articular eminence structure (eminence height [Eh] and inclination [Ei]) using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) of temporomandibular joints (TMJs) with anterior disc displacements and joints with normal disc position. METHODS: The study groups consisted of 75 TMJs of 39 patients. The disc status of TMJs was diagnosed with magnetic resonance imaging, and the measurements were performed on CBCT. Three groups, that is, normal disc position (NDP) group, anterior disc displacement with reduction (ADDWR) group, and anterior disc displacement without reduction (ADDWoR) group, were established. Anterior, superior, posterior joint spaces (AJS, SJS, and PJS, respectively), articular Eh, and articular Ei were measured. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 22 was used for statistical analysis. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check the normality of data. Intergroup comparisons of categorical variables were assessed with Fisher-Freeman-Halton test. For comparison of continuous variables parameters, Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used. Statistical significance level was determined as P < 0.05. RESULTS: Significant differences were not found in intergroup comparisons for PJS. However, the difference between groups was found to be significant for AJS, SJS, Eh, and Ei. Intergroup comparisons were performed for these parameters. No significant difference was found between the NDP group and the ADDWR group for AJS, SJS, Eh, and EI. The mean AJS, SJS, Eh, and Ei values in ADDWoR were found to be significantly lower compared to the corresponding values in both NDP and ADDWR groups. CONCLUSION: Decreased AJS and SJS when TMJ is evaluated with CBCT may be an indicator of ADDWoR. Authors suggest that narrowed articular Ei and reduced articular Eh can be one of the predisposing factors for anterior disc displacement.

Clinical Features and Classification of Proximal Carpal Fracture Dislocation Through the Radiocarpal Joint.

Background: The most common types of wrist dislocation are trans-scaphoid lunate dislocation (TLD) and trans-scaphoid perilunate dislocation, in which the lunate and proximal scaphoid are dislocated through the midcarpal joint. There is another rare type of dislocation in which the proximal carpi are dislocated through the radiocarpal joint. The purpose of this study is to examine the clinical features of this type of dislocation. Methods: Six cases of the proximal carpal fracture dislocation via the radiocarpal joint were retrospectively reviewed. All patients underwent open reduction and internal fixation with the ligament reconstruction. A Mayo wrist score was assigned to each patient based on the assessment of pain, functional status, range of motion and grip strength at the last follow-up. Clinical subjective evaluation of function and pain was assessed using the patient-rated wrist evaluation (PRWE) method. Results: All patients were male and injured with a median age of 33.5 years. The median follow-up period was 10 months. There were three types of dislocations: Scaphoid fracture dislocation, TLD and scaphoid-lunate dislocation. All patients had satisfactory results with an average PRWE of 7.2 ± 4.7. The preoperative VAS was 6.7 ± 1.0 and the postoperative VAS was 0.7 ± 0.7 (p < 0.01). Postoperative grip strength accounted for 89.2% ± 9.8% of the contralateral side; the Mayo wrist score averaged 90.0 ± 6.5, with four patients obtaining excellent and two good results. Conclusions: Fracture dislocation of the proximal carpal bones through the radiocarpal joint is an independent type of wrist dislocation that tends to occur in young men with high-energy impact. The wrist is most often injured in a pronation hyperextension position. If treatment is timely and appropriate, the prognosis is quite good. Level of Evidence: Level IV (Therapeutic).

The Application of Sesamoid Position in Diagnosing Thumb Metacarpophalangeal Joint Dorsal Dislocation: A Retrospective Study.

OBJECTIVES: The position of sesamoid of thumb metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint changed clearly when the joint was dislocated dorsally. However, the significance of sesamoid location in diagnosing joint dislocation was unclear. The present study aimed to explore the positional relationship between sesamoid bone and thumb metacarpophalangeal joint in normal and dorsal dislocation joints. METHODS: Between January 2018 and August 2023, we collected 60 isometric plain films from sixty outpatients and reviewed 56 anisometric plain films from twenty-eight emergency patients with dorsal dislocation of thumb MCP joint at Tianjin Hospital, then took measurements on the hand X-ray images. The sesamoid length on its longitudinal axis was defined as DP, the distance between the distal edge of sesamoid and thumb MCP joint was defined as DJ, and the ratio of DJ and DP was R. An independent-samples t-test and paired-samples t-test was utilized to analyze difference among data groups. RESULTS: The 60 isometric images were from 30 male and 30 female outpatients with normal bone structure in their hands, and the 56 anisometric images of the 28 emergency patients included both preoperative and postoperative materials. Among the outpatients, the actual distance between the distal edge of sesamoid and thumb MCP joint space (DJ) was 2.09 mm and 1.40 mm in males and females, respectively. The authentic average length of sesamoid (DP) was 4.46 mm in males and 4.22 mm in females. The average value of R (the ratio of DJ and DP) in males and females was 0.49 and 0.34, respectively. There were gender-related statistical differences in DJ (p < 0.01) and R (p=0.01), but no statistical difference in DP (p > 0.05). For the 28 emergency patients, the mean value of R was -0.47 before joint reduction and 0.58 after joint reduction, with statistical difference between them (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: There was significant difference in the relative position between sesamoid and thumb MCP joint when joint dislocation and joint reduction. The distal edge of sesamoid beyond thumb MCP joint could be an evidence in diagnosing joint dorsal dislocation. The distal edge of sesamoid below thumb MCP joint could be an evidence of joint reduction.

Type I atlanto-occipital dislocation complicated by non-communicating hydrocephalus – A case report

Hydrocephalus, an extremely rare complication of craniocervical junction injuries, is postulated to result from compression of the fourth ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) outlets by fractured and displaced bone fragments, a swollen upper spinal cord or adhesions formed after a traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage. We present the case of a 21-year-old woman for whom an injury to the cervical spine complicated by a type I atlanto-occipital dislocation contributed to the development of non-communicating hydrocephalus. The hydrocephalus was probably a consequence of impaired CSF circulation at the fourth ventricular outlets (the foramina of Luschka and Magendie), caused by post-haemorrhagic adhesions formed after severe injury to the craniocervical junction. (AU)

La hidrocefalia, una complicación extremadamente rara de las lesiones de la unión craneocervical se considera resultado del bloqueo de las salidas del líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) del cuarto ventrículo por los fragmentos óseos fracturados y desplazados, la inflamación de la médula espinal superior o las adherencias formadas después de una hemorragia subaracnoidea traumática. Se reporta caso clínico de una mujer de 21 años en el que la lesión de la columna cervical complicada por una luxación atlanto-occipital de tipo I contribuyó al desarrollo de una hidrocefalia no comunicante. La hidrocefalia probablemente fue consecuencia de una obstrucción del flujo del LCR fuera del cuarto ventrículo (agujeros de Luschka y Magendie), debida a las adherencias post-hemorrágicas formadas después de la grave lesión de la unión craneocervical. (AU)

C1–C2 intraarticular distraction with anterior cervical cages for basilar invagination realignment: Operative technique nuances and review of literature

Neurosurgical management of basilar invagination (BI) has traditionally been aimed at direct cervicomedullary decompression through transoral dens resection or suboccipital decompression with supplemental instrumented fixation. Dr. Goel introduced chronic atlantoaxial dislocation (AAD) as the etiology in most cases of BI and described a technique for distracting the C1–C2 joint with interfacet spacers to achieve reduction and anatomic realignment. We present our modification to Goel’s surgical technique, in which we utilize anterior cervical discectomy (ACD) cages as C1–C2 interfacet implants. A young adult male presented to our institution with BI, cervicomedullary compression, occipitalization of C1, and Chiari 1 malformation. There was AAD of C1 over the C2 lateral masses. This reduced some with preoperative traction. He underwent successful C1–C2 interfacet joint reduction and arthrodesis with anterior cervical discectomy (ACD) cages and concomittant occiput to C2 instrumented fusion. BI can be effectively treated through reduction of AAD and by utilizing ACD cages as interfacet spacers. (AU)

El tratamiento neuroquirúrgico tradicional para la impresión basilar es principalmente a través de un abordaje trans-oral para la resección del proceso odontoide, seguido de una descompresión suboccipital con instrumentación posterior cervical. Dr. Goel presenta la dislocación atlanto-axial (AA) como una de las etiologías principales en los casos de impresión basilar. A su vez, describió la técnica quirúrgica que incluye la distracción de la articulación AA con cajas para fusión permitiendo la reducción y reajuste anatómico cervical. En este artículo presentamos una variación a la técnica quirúrgica del Dr. Goel en el cual utilizamos implantes utilizados en la discectomía y fusión cervical anterior (DFCA) para la articulación facetaria de C1–C2. Presentamos un paciente adulto masculino que evaluamos en nuestra institución con impresión basilar, compresión cérvico-medular, fusión occipital con el atlas y malformación de Chiari tipo 1. En adición, el paciente tenía evidencia radiográfica de dislocación AA. Se logro obtener reducción mínima de la impresión basilar con tracción cervical pre-operatoria. Luego, se sometió al tratamiento quirúrgico que consistió en el uso de implantes cervicales para la reducción y fusión de la articulación facetaria de C1–C2 complementado por instrumentación y fusión craneocervical. Esta técnica presentada sugiere que la reducción y reajuste anatómico cervical de la dislocación AA con implantes utilizados para DFCA puede ser efectivo para el tratamiento de impresión basilar. (AU)

Corrective Osteotomy and Ligamentous Reconstruction in a Neglected Elbow Dislocation with Radial Neck Malunion: A Case Report.

CASE: Neglected elbow dislocation and radial neck malunion frequently result in chronic pain, instability, and early arthrosis. These complications are best prevented by early treatment with open reduction, corrective osteotomy, and ligament reconstruction, followed by early supervised physiotherapy. We present a peculiar case with neglected complex elbow dislocation and radial head malunion. In this case, we performed an open reduction of the elbow joint and radial neck corrective osteotomy, medial collateral ligament, annular ligament reconstruction, and lateral collateral ligament repair. CONCLUSION: Neglected complex elbow dislocations require reconstruction of both ligamentous and osseous structures to achieve a good functional outcome.

Primary total talus arthroplasty for Hawkins type IV talar neck fracture dislocation.

A woman in her 40s was involved in a motor vehicle collision and sustained a closed Hawkins type IV talar neck fracture dislocation. The injury was treated with reduction, percutaneous pinning and spanning external fixation, followed by definitive treatment with total talus arthroplasty (TTA) 2 months following injury. This is a unique example of definitive management for a severe talar neck fracture dislocation with arthroplasty in the subacute setting. TTA is perhaps a primary option for these injuries at high risk for avascular necrosis, non-union, malunion and post-traumatic arthritis.

Axial-Radial-Ulnar Carpal Dislocation with Divergent Intermetacarpal Dislocations, Peritrapezoid and Scaphotrapezial Dislocations: A Case Report.

We report a patient with a severe axial-radial-ulnar (ARU) fracture dislocation of the carpus, involving multiple intermetacarpal dislocations as well as divergent carpometacarpal dislocations involving the index, long, ring and small fingers and peritrapezoid and scaphotrapezial dislocations. She also had a degloving injury involving the dorsal hand. Emergent debridement followed by open reduction and internal fixation of all injuries was performed, followed by soft tissue management. At 6-year follow-up, the patient had adequate active range of motion with the ability to make a full fist and was able to use her wrist and hand for most activities of daily living. Disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) score was 47.5. Michigan hand outcomes questionnaire (MHQ) score was 66.8. Mayo wrist score was 65. Patient-rated wrist evaluation (PRWE) score was 42. Severe ARU fracture dislocations of the carpus can result in adequate functional recovery on long-term follow-up. Level of Evidence: Level V (Therapeutic).

Technical note: Traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation and severe subaxial cervical distraction injury in an infant.

INTRODUCTION: Traumatic injuries of the spine requiring surgery are rare in infancy. Fusion procedures in the very young are not well-described at the atlanto-occipital junction or subaxial spine. Here we describe novel segmental posterior instrumentation in a severe spinal column disruption in an infant. CASE PRESENTATION: A 13-month-old male with atlanto-occipital dislocation and severe C6-7 distraction (ASIA impairment scale A) presented after a motor vehicle accident. He underwent instrumented fusion (occiput-C2 and C6-7) and halo placement. Postoperative imaging demonstrated reduction of the C6-7 vertebral bodies. Physical examination showed lower limb paraplegia and preserved upper extremity strength except for mild weakness in hand grip (3/5 on the MRC grading scale). Occiput-C2 instrumentation was performed using occipital keel and C2 pedicle screws with sublaminar C1 polyester tape. C6-7 reduction and fixation was performed with laminar hooks. Arthrodesis was promoted with lineage-committed cellular bone matrix allograft and suboccipital autograft. Anterior column stabilization was deferred secondary to a CSF leak. Intraoperative monitoring was performed throughout the procedure. Within 1 month after surgery the patient was able to manipulate objects against gravity. CT imaging revealed bony fusion and spontaneous reduction of C6-7. DISCUSSION: Spinal instrumentation is technically challenging in infants, regardless of injury mechanism, particularly in cases with complete spinal column disruption, but an anterior fusion may be avoided in infants and small children with posterior stabilization and halo placement.

Tripolar Dislocation: Elbow Terrible Triad-Essex-Lopresti Injury-Trans-scaphoid Perilunate Dislocation: A Case Report.

CASE: A 23-year-old man presented with a right upper limb injury after a 10-m fall. Initial evaluation demonstrated a terrible triad elbow injury associated with a trans-scaphoid perilunate dislocation. Elbow stabilization with radial head replacement and carpal fixation was performed. Radiographs on postoperative day 7 demonstrated an ipsilateral Essex-Lopresti injury, which had been initially missed, and revision surgery was performed to reconstruct the interosseous membrane. CONCLUSION: Surgeons should maintain a high degree of suspicion for an ipsilateral Essex-Lopresti injury in patients with a terrible triad elbow fracture-dislocation in combination with a trans-scaphoid perilunate dislocation. Both preoperative imaging, including the contralateral side, and intraoperative evaluation are recommended to rule out longitudinal instability of the forearm in the setting of combined wrist and elbow fracture-dislocations.

[A three-dimensional imaging study of the effect of anterior disc displacement on the bony structural relationship of the temporomandibular joint].

Objective: To investigate the correlation between the osseous structure of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and three different status of anterior disc location, so that it could guide the clinical diagnosis further. Methods: Fifty-two patients [46 females and 6 males, with an age of (27.8±8.3) years] who treated with MRI and cone beam CT, were recruited from the Temporomandibular Joint Specialist Clinic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, between March 2018 to December 2021. According to the radiographic findings of the level of anterior disc displacement (ADD) in TMJ, patients were divided into three groups: normal articular disc position (NADP, n=28 TMJs), anterior disc displacement with reduction (ADDWR, n=28 TMJs), and anterior disc displacement without reduction (ADDWoR, n=28 TMJs). In the light of the reconstructed three-dimensional model, ten representative morphological parameters including condylar volume (CV), condylar superficial area (CSA), fossa volume (FV), fossa superficial area (FSA), the proportion of the condylar volume in the articular fossa (CV%), the proportion of the condylar superficial area in the articular fossa (CSA%), superior joint space (SJS), anterior joint space (AJS), posterior joint space (PJS), and medial joint space (MJS), were measured respectively under one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Kruskal-Wallis Htest and receiver operator characteristic curve(ROC curve) analyses. Results: CV and CSA values varied significantly in the pathological progression from normal location to irreversible anterior displacement in TMJ. For CV value, NADP group [(1 834.90±667.67) mm3]>ADDWR group [(1 747.34±369.42) mm3]>ADDWoR group [(1 256.29±418.27) mm3] [t=4.31, P(NADP-ADDWoR)<0.001; t=3.66, P(ADDWR-ADDWoR)<0.001], for CSA value, NADP group [(859.27±216.01) mm2]>ADDWR group [(838.23±118.82) mm2]>ADDWoR group [(669.14±150.26) mm2] [t=4.27, P(NADP-ADDWoR)<0.001; t=3.80, P(ADDWR-ADDWoR)<0.001]. The difference of SJS value in NADP group [(2.22±0.88) mm], ADDWR group [(1.94±0.64) mm] and ADDWoR group [(1.45±0.57) mm], was statistically significant [t=4.11, P(NADP-ADDWoR)<0.001; t=2.63, P(ADDWR-ADDWoR)=0.010]. The results of MJS in NADP group [(5.03±1.41) mm], ADDWR group [(3.86±1.32) mm], and ADDWoR group [(4.91±1.65) mm] were significantly different [t=3.00, P(NADP-ADDWR)=0.004; t=2.63, P(ADDWR-ADDWoR)=0.009]. As calculated by the ROC curve analysis, CV, CSA and SJS showed that (AUCCV=0.77, AUCCSA=0.76; AUCSJS=0.76) for the NADP and ADDWoR groups, and (AUCCV=0.80; AUCCSA=0.80; AUCSJS=0.72) for the ADDWR and ADDWoR groups. While the diagnostic accuracy of MJS for the comparison in NADP versus ADDWR and ADDWR versus ADDWoR was respectively AUC(NADP-ADDWR)=0.73, and AUC(ADDWR-ADDWoR)=0.69. Conclusions: CV, CSA, SJS, and MJS were significantly associated with the different disc displacement status, and the condyle in TMJ ADD exhibited three-dimensionally altered dimensions. They could be considered as promising biometric markers to diagnose the ADD status.

C1-C2 intraarticular distraction with anterior cervical cages for basilar invagination realignment: Operative technique nuances and review of literature.

Neurosurgical management of basilar invagination (BI) has traditionally been aimed at direct cervicomedullary decompression through transoral dens resection or suboccipital decompression with supplemental instrumented fixation. Dr. Goel introduced chronic atlantoaxial dislocation (AAD) as the etiology in most cases of BI and described a technique for distracting the C1-C2 joint with interfacet spacers to achieve reduction and anatomic realignment. We present our modification to Goel's surgical technique, in which we utilize anterior cervical discectomy (ACD) cages as C1-C2 interfacet implants. A young adult male presented to our institution with BI, cervicomedullary compression, occipitalization of C1, and Chiari 1 malformation. There was AAD of C1 over the C2 lateral masses. This reduced some with preoperative traction. He underwent successful C1-C2 interfacet joint reduction and arthrodesis with anterior cervical discectomy (ACD) cages and concomittant occiput to C2 instrumented fusion. BI can be effectively treated through reduction of AAD and by utilizing ACD cages as interfacet spacers.

Type I atlanto-occipital dislocation complicated by non-communicating hydrocephalus - A case report.

Hydrocephalus, an extremely rare complication of craniocervical junction injuries, is postulated to result from compression of the fourth ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) outlets by fractured and displaced bone fragments, a swollen upper spinal cord or adhesions formed after a traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage. We present the case of a 21-year-old woman for whom an injury to the cervical spine complicated by a type I atlanto-occipital dislocation contributed to the development of non-communicating hydrocephalus. The hydrocephalus was probably a consequence of impaired CSF circulation at the fourth ventricular outlets (the foramina of Luschka and Magendie), caused by post-haemorrhagic adhesions formed after severe injury to the craniocervical junction.

Utility of 3D reformatted images in the diagnosis of sternoclavicular joint injury.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ability of musculoskeletal radiologists to diagnose sternoclavicular joint injuries in the standard CT imaging planes compared to 3D volume rendered images to define the most accurate plane to improve prospective diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective query of our institutional database was performed. Twenty-six patients with a diagnosis of sternoclavicular joint injury, who had been evaluated with CT and treated by orthopedic surgery, and 30 control patients who did not have a sternoclavicular joint injury were included for analysis. Two blinded radiologists with specialty training in musculoskeletal radiology independently reviewed axial, coronal, sagittal, and 3D reformatted CT images and documented whether injury was present or not present. RESULTS: Accuracy was good for both radiologists on all views. It was lowest on the sagittal view for both readers. Accuracy was highest for the 3D view. When comparing the accuracy of the four views for each radiologist, there was a significant difference for Radiologist A, whose 3D images were more accurate compared to the axial and sagittal views. There was no significant difference for Radiologist B. There was good inter-reader agreement, which was highest on the 3D images. CONCLUSION: 3D volume renderings of the sternoclavicular joints have the potential to improve radiologist accuracy for detection of sternoclavicular joint injury/dislocation in the setting of chest well trauma, which could decrease instances of missed or delayed diagnosis.

C1 Transposterior Arch Lateral Mass Screws Combined With C2 Pedicle Screw and Rod Fixation for Pediatric Atlantoaxial Subluxation: A Minimal 10-Year Follow-up Outcome Analysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although the short-term outcomes of the 1-step reduction and fixation technique using C1 transposterior arch lateral mass screws combined with C2 pedicle screw and rod fixation system for the treatment of pediatric atlantoaxial subluxation (AAS) have been satisfactory, its long-term outcomes and impact on spinal development are not well studied. This study was intended to assess the long-term reliability of this technique for pediatric AAS. METHODS: A retrospective case series study was conducted to analyze the minimum 10-year follow-up outcomes from 7 pediatric patients with AAS who underwent atlantoaxial fusion using the aforementioned technique. Quality of life and cervical range of motion were both measured thoroughly. In addition, vertical growth within the fusion construct (C1-2), overall cervical alignment, and subaxial cervical spine degeneration were evaluated radiographically. RESULTS: The mean age of the 7 patients was 8.14 ± 2.41 (6-12) years at the time of surgery. The mean follow-up period was 11.00 ± 1.15 (10-13) years. No patients presented identifiable intervertebral disk degeneration or segmental instability in the subaxial cervical spine except for 1 patient who showed mild intervertebral disk degeneration. Vertical growth did continue within the atlantoaxial complex after surgery (11.90% ± 2.37%); however, there was a decrease in the percentage of vertical growth compared with the corresponding normal populations of the same age and sex. Moreover, there was a significant decrease in the range of cervical extension and rotation motion, and the overall cervical alignment straightened at the latest follow-up. CONCLUSION: The 1-step reduction and fixation technique is a relatively reliable surgical technique for pediatric AAS, which does not adversely affect the postoperative quality of life or the subaxial cervical degeneration. Nevertheless, certain limitations, such as decreased cervical range of motion and changes in cervical alignment, should be concerned.

[Epiphysiolysis of the medial clavicle with posterior dislocation : Video article]. / Epiphysiolyse der medialen Klavikula mit posteriorer Luxation : Videobeitrag.

OBJECTIVE OF SURGERY: The goal of surgery is the anatomical reduction and stable internal fixation of an epiphysiolysis of the medial clavicle with posterior luxation in a child without harming intrathoracic structures. INDICATIONS: This case describes an acute epiphysiolysis of the medial clavicle Aitken type 0 with posterior dislocation. CONTRAINDICATIONS: Soft tissue infections within the region of the surgical access. Allergies against any materials used in the procedure. Successful closed reduction. Additional fracture of the clavicular shaft. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: A detailed overview of the surgical technique is available through the video, which is accessible online as well as the graphic overview in this article. Longitudinal incision over the medial clavicle up to the sternoclavicular joint and preparation onto the bony structures. Display of the epiphysiolysis. Reduction of the medial clavicle. Introduction of two Kirscher wires along the longitudinal axis in the direction of the epiphysis and introduction of two sutures. Puncture of the cartilaginous epiphysis with the two sutures. Anatomical reduction of the medial clavicle and fixation by knots. With the continuous use of the sutures, fixation to the anterior periosteum and closure of the periosteum. Wound closure. FOLLOW-UP: For 6 weeks postoperative limitation of anteversion and abduction to 90°, afterwards unlimited functionality. No routine X­ray control. RESULT: After 6 months postoperative the patient is free of pain and has full range of motion. The Constant score is 97/100.

Effect of arthroscopic discopexy on condylar growth in adolescents with temporomandibular joint disc displacement without reduction: A retrospective self-controlled case series study.

This study was a retrospective self-controlled study that aimed to evaluate the effect of arthroscopic discopexy on condylar height and mandibular position in adolescents with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) anterior disc displacement without reduction (ADDwoR). Patients between 10 and 20 years of age and diagnosed with bilateral TMJ ADDwoR by magnetic resonance image (MRI) were included in this study. All patients underwent a period of natural course before arthroscopic surgery and then a follow-up period postoperatively. Changes in condylar height and mandibular position were measured by MRI and X-ray radiographs. Data were analyzed by paired t-test, Pearson correlation analysis, and generalized estimating equations. This study comprised a total of 40 patients with a mean age of 14.80 years. Pearson correlation analysis showed correlations between condylar height and mandibular position changes. The condylar height change during the post-operative period was significantly higher than that during natural course period (3.57 mm, p < 0.001). The changes in mandibular position (including ANB angle, SNB angle, and Pog-Np) were significant different (all p < 0.05) between the two periods. This study found that arthroscopic discopexy can promote condylar growth and correct dentofacial deformity in adolescents with bilateral TMJ ADDwoR.